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Interjections

Hi! That's an interjection. :-)

"Interjection" is a big name for a little word. Interjections are short exclamations like Oh!, Um or Ah! They have no real grammatical value but we use them quite often, usually more in speaking than in writing. When interjections are inserted into a sentence, they have no grammatical connection to the sentence. An interjection is sometimes followed by an exclamation mark (!) when written.

Here are some interjections with examples:

Derivational suffixes

With derivational suffixes, the new word has a new meaning, and is usually a different part of speech. But the new meaning is related to the old meaning - it is "derived" from the old meaning.

We can add more than one suffix, as in this example:

derive (verb) + tion = derivation (noun) + al = derivational (adjective)

There are several hundred derivational suffixes. Here are some of the more common ones:

Positive Contractions

Notes

Be careful. Some contractions can have two or three meanings. For example, he'd can be he had or he would. It depends on the rest of the sentence. Look at these examples:

• He'd like to go. (He would like to go.)
• He'd finished when I arrived. (He had finished when I arrived.)

The contraction 's (= is or has) is not used only with pronouns. It can also be used with nouns, names, question words and words like "here" and "there", for example: The train's late. John's arrived. Where's the phone? Here's your change. There's a policeman.

Negative Contractions

Notes

With the verb "to be", two negative forms are possible - we aren't or we're not etc.

In questions, am not is contracted to aren't, for example: I'm late, aren't I?

Informal Contractions

Informal contractions are short forms of other words that people use when speaking casually. They are not exactly slang, but they are a little like slang.

For example, "gonna" is a short form of "going to". If you say "going to" very fast, without carefully pronouncing each word, it can sound like "gonna".

Please remember that these are informal contractions. That means that we do not use them in "correct" speech, and we almost never use them in writing. (If you see them in writing, for example in a comic strip, that is because the written words represent the spoken words or dialogue.) We normally use them only when speaking fast and casually, for example with friends. Some people never use them, even in informal speech.

It is probably true to say that informal contractions are more common in American English.

Also note that, unlike normal contractions, we do not usually use apostrophes (') with informal contractions when written.

On the right are some common informal contractions, with example sentences. Note that the example sentences may be a little artificial because when we use a contraction we may also use other contractions in the same sentence, or even drop some words completely. For example:

• What are you going to do? >>
• Whatcha going to do? >>
• Whatcha gonna do?

or

• Do you want a beer?
• Do you wanna beer?
• D'you wanna beer?
• D'ya wanna beer?
• Ya wanna beer?
• Wanna beer?

• ain't = am not/are not/is not
  I ain't sure.
  You ain't my boss.
• ain't = has not/have not
  I ain't done it.
  She ain't finished yet.
• gimme = give me
  Gimme your money.
  Don't gimme that rubbish.
  Can you gimme a hand?
• gonna = going to
  Nothing's gonna change my love for you.
  I'm not gonna tell you.
  What are you gonna do?
• gotta = (have) got a
  I've gotta gun.
  I gotta gun.
  She hasn't gotta penny.
  Have you gotta car?
• gotta = (have) got to
  I've gotta go now.
  I gotta go now.
  We haven't gotta do that.
  Have they gotta work?
• kinda = kind of
  She's kinda cute.
• lemme = let me
  Lemme go!
• wanna = want to
  I wanna go home.
• wanna = want a
  I wanna coffee.
• whatcha = what are you
  Whatcha going to do?
• whatcha = what have you
  Whatcha got there?
• ya = you
  Who saw ya?

                               ستون فقرات:spinal column                    قفسه سینه :rib cage

      عصب:nerve   سیاه رگ:vein     سرخرگ:artery      استخوان:bone

  شش:lung   مغز:brain     کبد:liver       کلیه:kidney     مثانه: bladder

Look within and around you. Contemplate, ponder and think.God said in Quran 45 Verse 3 “...the heavens and the earth are full of signs for the believers..”.God, expressing His infinite love through nature so beautifully woven spreading on the face of the entire universe above and below.The beauty of it all just amazes me but have we ever take time to ponder?

When your love for God is immensely strong, you see God in all that you do, in all that there is and in all that ever will be.  Travelling to work 1 hour daily can be a hectic and tiring schedule for some.For me, it is a journey of new discoveries in the horizon pondering the signs of God. Awesome mountain view with formation of clouds clinging at its tip and carpets of green grass spreading the entire fields and trees emerging its bountiful leaves seems like an ‘eyemo’ to my sight. Its enchanting beauty is beyond imagination.Trees with coloured redolent flowers spreading all over its branches and clinging on to each other thus creating illuminating beauty and the wind that brushes the trees creating a rhapsody of rhyme lingering in my ears, branches clutching each other at the sides of the road forming a cave like quintessential sanctuary....just magnificent! Such is the vast richness and abundance of God’s creation. Such is His state of the art expressing His passion of lullaby beauty blossoming and cascading the entire universe.Suddenly, a sparkle of epiphancy transcend and triggers my heart from a mystical standpoint of view that can only be esoteric.

With faith in God and bonds that we bind with each other despite genders and religion, we will be able to create a peace filled world and a transformational multitudes of freedom, joy, unity, harmony and peace build so strongly none could separate us.This should be our legacy.A legacy we must carry from generation to generation. Generations that are filled with faith and wisdom.And with that, we shall prosper and be divinely guided if we cling on to God’s faith and with His infinite love shining upon us, we can move mountains.

As we lift our God consciousness, we know there is nothing that we cannot understand nor overcome or change. You know you have the power, strength and energy to do whatever you need to do, and the courage to move forward in faith.

Life is meant to be lived lovingly, abundantly, fully, joyously, positively, and victoriously just like the trees.Lift your consciousness and let your horizons expand to opening new possibilities. Be better than before; see more clearly the vast prosperity and abundance that is ready for you now. As you lift your vision and to the higher conciousness of God within you, you see the beauty and upliftment of a joyous life, and there is new light shining upon your path.Your path of wondrous values.Such is God’s infinite love for us.

“Lift your God consciousnss within you and your life will be filled with wondrous values”

By Sallina Ismail

in the morning                in the afternoon                  in the evening

2 – قبل از صفات عالی.

the biggest                    the greatest

3 – قبل از آلات موسیقی.

the piano

4 – قبل از کلمه ه ای تئاتر و سینما.

the theater                      the cinema

5 – قبل از اعداد ترتیبی.

the first                          the second

6 – در مواقع بیان مالکیت اشیاء . ( مضاف و مضاف الیه).

the wheels of the car                           the door of the house

7 – قبل از صفاتی که اشاره به یک گروه خاص دارند.

the lion                    the poor                       the rich                  the Indian

8 – قبل از اسامی سیاره ها.

the planet Mercury.                    

9 – قبل از اسامی منحصر به فرد در جهان.

the sun                the moon           the earth                the sky       the pyramids

10 – قبل از نام خانوادگی که به صورت جمع استفاده شده و به دو یا چند نفر از اعضای خانواده اشاره دارد.

the Johnsons                                   the Smiths

11 – قبل از اسامی مرتبط با رسانه ها.

the media                        the radio                   the newspaper

12 – قبل از طبقات اجتماعی .

the middle class               the elite                         the clergy

13 – قبل از اسامی مرتبط با حمل و نقل.

the bus                    the train                     the airplane               the subway

14 – قبل از اسامی روزنامه ها.

the Christian Science monitor           the Manchester Guardian

15 – قبل از گروه های سیاسی.

the Labor party                  the conservative party                 the communist party

16 – قبل از اسامی سازمان ها، موسسات و بنگاه ها.

the United Nations                the Ford Foundation

17 – قبل از عوامل اجرایی دولتی و نظامی.

the Army          the Navy            the air force        the State Militia     the Police

18 – قبل از عنوان های دولتی.

the secretary of state        the prime minister        the king           the mayor

19 – قبل از وقایع یا دوره های تاریخی.

The Middle Ages                         The Civil War                             The Renaissance

                          The First World War

20 – قبل از موقعیت های فیزیکی.

the top               the bottom                the center              the inside    the outside

21 – قبل از اسامی دانشگاه هایی که با حرف اضافه of توصیف شده اند .

the University of Notre Dame           the University Of Michigan

اما              Oxford University

22 – قبل از ساختمان ها.

the Empire State Building               the Coliseum

23 – قبل از اسامی هتل ها.

the Statler Hotel                  the Carlyle Hotel

24 – قبل از اسامی کتابخانه ها و موزه ها.

the Louvre            the Metropolitan Museum                          the Library of Congress

25 – قبل از پل ها ، تونل ها و برج های معروف.

the Brooklyn Bridge                 the Golden Gate Bridge               the Hudson Tunnel

the Eiffel Tower

26 – قبل از اسامی دریاها ، اقیانوس ها و خلیج ها.

the Gulf of Mexico            the Persian Gulf             the red sea      the Indian Ocean

27 – قبل از اسامی رشته کوه ها.

the Rocky Mountains               the Himalaya Mountains

اما              Mount Everest

28 – قبل از مجمع الجزایر.

 the Hawaiian Islands

اما                Coney Island

29 – قبل از جنگل ها ، بیابان ها ،شبه جزیره ها .

 the Sahara Desert           the Black Forest                   the Iberian Peninsula

30 – قبل از جهت های قطب نما ، نواحی جغرافیایی و نقاط کره ی زمین .

the South              the Middle West       the South Pole             The Equator

31 – قبل از اسامی رودخانه های معروف جهان.

the Nile             the Amazon

32 – قبل از اسامی کتب آسمانی یا خیلی مشهور.

the Bible             the Quran

33 – قبل از اسامی کشورهایی که به صورت متحده یا جمهوری اداره می شود.

The United States of America                  the Islamic Republic of Iran

حتما خیلی از شما به دلیل تاخیر های زیاد در به روز کردن وبلاگ از من ناراحت هستید . راستشو بخواهید هم یه کم گرفتار بودم و هم از اینکه مطلبی بنویسم که فقط برای پرکردن فضای وب باشه خوشم نمیاد . 

خیلی وقته تو فکرم که یه پست خوب و مفید بنویسم که همه ازش استفاده کنن. گفتم حالا که تابستون داره میاد و همه وقت آزاد بیشتری دارن بهترین کار میتونه یه دوره تصویری آموزش خط باشه. این مجموعه شامل 26 ویدئو میباشد که به صورت خیلی زیبا به آموزش خط می پردازد . امیدوارم مفید باشه.

فرمت فایل ها flv میباشد . برای باز کردن از نرم افزار KMplayer استفاده کنید.

برای دریافت کافیه روی لینک های زیر کلیک کنید.

English Cursive Handwriting Letter A a

English Cursive Handwriting Letter B b

English Cursive Handwriting Letter C c

English Cursive Handwriting Letter D d

English Cursive Handwriting Letter E e

English Cursive Handwriting Letter F f

English Cursive Handwriting Letter G g

English Cursive Handwriting Letter H h

English Cursive Handwriting Letter I i

English Cursive Handwriting Letter J j

English Cursive Handwriting Letter K k

English Cursive Handwriting Letter L l

English Cursive Handwriting Letter M m

English Cursive Handwriting Letter N n

English Cursive Handwriting Letter O o

English Cursive Handwriting Letter P p

English Cursive Handwriting Letter Q q

English Cursive Handwriting Letter R r

English Cursive Handwriting Letter S s

English Cursive Handwriting Letter T t

English Cursive Handwriting Letter U u

English Cursive Handwriting Letter V v

English Cursive Handwriting Letter W w

English Cursive Handwriting Letter X x

English Cursive Handwriting Letter Y y

English Cursive Handwriting Letter Z z

امیدوارم پست قبلی براتون مفید بوده باشه. 

پست امروز شامل 10 ویدئوی زیبا از اصطلاحات عامیانه زبان انگلیسیه که واقعا یکی از شیرینی های یادگیری زبانه . واسه خودم که خیلی جالبه. البته همه اونایی که زبان میخونن هم علاقه خاصی به یادگیری اصطلاحات دارن. امیدوارم خوشتون بیاد. اگه تمایل داشتین که به همین ترتیب ادامه بدم ، بهم خبر بدین.

واسه دانلود کردن کافیه روی لینک های زیر کلیک کنید.

واسه نمایش فایل ها از KM player استفاده کنید.

American Slang - Lesson 1

American Slang - Lesson 2

American Slang - Lesson 3

American Slang - Lesson 4

American Slang - Lesson 5

American Slang - Lesson 6

American Slang - Lesson 7a

American Slang - Lesson 7b

American Slang - Lesson 8a

American Slang - Lesson 8b

حتما اطلاع دارین که چه اندازه مهمه که یه کلمه یا جمله انگلیسی را درست بیان کنید . دلیلش هم اینه که خیلی از مواقع اگه استرس رو درست و سر جای خودش قرار ندیم ممکنه کلمات یا جملاتمون واسه مخاطب نامفهوم باشه. اگه فکر میکنین کمی در این قسمت از زبان دارای مشکل هستید ، این پست و پست های بعدیشو به دقت دنبال کنید.

این مجموعه شامل 16 درسه که واسه هر هفته 4 درسشو اینجا میذارم.

کافیه روی هر درس کلیک کنید تا دانلود بشه.

فراموش نکنید که فایل ها با KM player  باز میشه.

English Pronunciation - WORD STRESS - Lesson 1 a

English Pronunciation - WORD STRESS - Lesson 1 b

English Pronunciation - WORD STRESS - Lesson 1 c

English Pronunciation - WORD STRESS - Lesson 1 d

امیدوارم  تا اینجا مطالب براتون مفید بوده باشه. البته همین که الان اینجایین یعنی اینکه بد نبوده . پس اگه دوست دارین بهتر بشه نظرتون بیان کنید. میدونید که اینجام کلاسه و کلاس یه طرفه هم خوب از کار در نمیاد.

یادتون نره فایلو که دانلود کردین با KM player بازش کنید. 

English Pronunciation - WORD STRESS - Lesson 2 a

English Pronunciation - WORD STRESS - Lesson 2 b

English Pronunciation - WORD STRESS - Lesson 2 c

English Pronunciation - WORD STRESS - Lesson 2 d

 از اینکه ما رو فراموش نمیکنین و همچنان با ما همراهید ازتون متشکرم . ببینم وضعیت کلاس بهتر شده یا ...

English Pronunciation - WORD STRESS - Lesson 3 a

English Pronunciation - WORD STRESS - Lesson 3 b

English Pronunciation - WORD STRESS - Lesson 3 c

English Pronunciation - WORD STRESS - Lesson 3 d

این آخرین پست آموزش استرسه. امیدوارم این 16 درس تونسته باشه دانش قبلی شما رو تقویت کنه. 

همیشه منتظر ایده های جدید شما هستم. البته واسه هفته های بعد هم از این درس ها داریم ولی کمی متفاوته. الان نمیگم چیه تا بازم بیای.

English Pronunciation - WORD STRESS - Lesson 4a

English Pronunciation - WORD STRESS - Lesson 4b

English Pronunciation - WORD STRESS - Lesson 4c

English Pronunciation - WORD STRESS - Lesson 4d

REPORTING STATEMENTS


Direct speech


If you want to write what someone has said, the simplest way is to repeat the exact words that they had used in quotation marks (“...”). This is called ‘direct speech’.


 “I really enjoyed the meal,” he said.

She went upstairs and shouted, “Time to get up!”


If you mention the speaker at the end of the sentence, and do not say he or she, you usually reverse the order of the subject and the verb. For example:


 “It’s much too cold to swim,” said Frank.

 “Go back to your room,” said her mother.

 

Indirect speech

You can also report what someone has said without using quotation marks. This is called ‘indirect speech’. The usual way of doing this is to use a clause which begins with + (that). For example:


 “I’m tired!”

He said he was tired.  OR  He said that he was tired.


That is more common in written English and in formal spoken English.

 

Changing from direct to indirect speech


When changing from direct to indirect speech, you need to change the grammar in certain ways.

Verb tense forms usually need to change. In most cases, you change the present tense into the past tense.


She said, “I am staying at the Chelsea Hotel.”

She said that she was staying at the Chelsea Hotel.


If the direct speech is already in the past tense, you need to put the verb even further back in time, using had. This applies to both past tense and present perfect forms of the verb.


He said, “I came by bus.”

He said that he had come by bus.

She said, “I’ve definitely seen John recently”.

She said that she had definitely seen John recently.


However, you do not use this rule if the verb in the direct speech already uses had.


She said, “I had given up hope of seeing him again.”

She said that she had given up hope of seeing him again.


The correct relationship between the verbs in the reporting clause and the verb in the reported clause is called the ‘sequence of tenses’.

If you report something that someone said, which is still true now, you do not need to change the tense of the verb.


 “I want to get married.”

She said she wants to get married.

 “Blue’s my favourite colour.”

She said that blue’s her favourite colour.


If the direct speech contains will, shall, or may, these also need to change.


will →would               shall → should                      may →might


She said, “I will see you soon.”

She said that she would see us soon.


Would, should, could, might, and must do not change.


She said, “I could visit him on Thursday.”

She said she could visit him on Thursday.


You also need to change certain personal pronouns. I and you have to be changed to he and she, unless the original people are still taking part in the conversation. Similarly, my and your need to be changed to his and her.


Mary said to John, “I saw your cat.”

Mary said that she had seen your cat. (if the person who says this is talking to John)

Mary said that she had seen his cat. (if the person who says this is not talking to John)


You also need to change times and places which depend on the speaker’s point of view.


He said, “I saw the car here yesterday.”

He said that he’d seen the car there the day before.


In this case here becomes there because you are in a different place, and yesterday becomes the day before because you are now speaking at a later time.

Similarly, now becomes then, last week becomes the week before, two months ago becomes two months before, tomorrow becomes the next day, and so on. Of course, if the time phrase does not depend on the speaker’s point of view, it can be used without change.


He said, “I bought the car in November 1996.”

He said he had bought the car in November 1996.

 

REPORTING QUESTIONS


When you are changing a question from direct speech into indirect speech, you follow the same kinds of rules as for statements. The only differences are that you need to use a different word to introduce the reported speech, and the word order of the question becomes like that of a statement. You end the sentence with a full stop, not a question mark.


You use if or whether to introduce a ‘yes‑no question’.


I asked, “Does he eat meat?”

I asked whether he ate meat.  OR  I asked if he ate meat.


You introduce questions where there is a choice in the same way ‑ more usually by using whether than by using if.


I asked, “Is it Karen’s book or Michael’s?”

I asked whether it was Karen’s book or Michael’s.


You introduce questions that begin with who, why, what, how etc by using the word which begins the question in direct speech.

Someone asked, “Why doesn’t she resign?”

Someone asked why she didn’t resign.

She asked when he would go back to Japan.


You often mention the person who is being asked the question, by using a pronoun (him, her, them etc) or by mentioning their name.


I asked him if he ate meat.

She asked Michael when he would go back to Japan.

 

REPORTING WHAT SOMEONE HAS TOLD OR ASKED ANOTHER PERSON TO DO


When saying what someone has told or asked another person to do, you usually use an infinitive.

 “Go home!”


She told him to go home.

 “Can you shut the window?”

She asked him to shut the window.


!   Don’t confuse say and tell. Don’t say ‘He said me to go home.’ or ‘He told, Go home!’ Say He told me to go home. or He said, “Go home!

WHAT IS A DISJUNCTION?

In English language and grammar, disjunct has a distinct meaning. It is a word or a small phrase added to a sentence that tends to show mood, opinion or emphasis in some way. Alternately, disjuncts may be a comment on what is being said or an expression from the speaker about how truthful something might be. The disjunct usually doesn’t have to be in the sentence and the sentence would be complete without it, though some specific meaning of the writer/speaker could be lost in the process.


There are many words that qualify as disjunct examples. Some words that may be disjuncts include fortunately, unfortunately, hopefully, probably, possibly, maybe, honestly, clearly, briefly, and frankly. There are number of small phrases that are disjunct phrases too and these might include: in my opinion, fortunately for you, in other words, in truth, between you and me, to my amazement, and to tell the truth. It’s easy to see that many more examples could be added and that it’s possible to generate a number of other terms and phrases that would serve as disjuncts in different kinds of sentences.

In addition to generating disjunct words or phrases, it’s fairly simple to come up with sentences that might use them. The following sentence uses a disjunct phrase to comment on the writing process:


It was, in other words, the ugliest cat I had ever seen.


Note the italicized phrase isn’t really necessary to the sentence and it could be said without it. The speaker is really commenting on his or her word choice, which may or may not be appropriate in present writing context. Sometimes it makes sense to remove a phrase that doesn’t belong and write a cleaner sentence.

Another example is the following:


Possibly, I will see you tonight.


Here the term, possibly, should remain in the sentence since it expresses doubt about the speaker’s plans. Without it, the person being addressed might seem surer that the speaker would show up that night. Qualifying potential actions is valuable to avoid misunderstanding.

On the other hand, the next example of a disjunct could be saying too much:


Honestly, I will see you tonight.


The term certainly raises the question as to whether the speaker is in the habit of lying about plans, and use of another word like definitely is not stronger than a simple statement of, “I will see you tonight.” Sometimes using these words is up to the speaker or writer’s style and a matter of discretion, but all conscientious users of the English or other languages that use disjuncts would be benefit from understanding use, so they can make informed language choices.

One matter of confusion can be the term disjunction, which is actually quite different. Disjunctions tend to be either/or statements, like this example: “You can either go to the store or to the movies.” They combine two actions, options, or others that can’t exist together. Choosing one means not choosing the other. In a way, the disjunction is the opposite of conjunction because it doesn’t join two things together; instead it joins two things that can’t be or cannot exist together, offering an element of choice

In linguistics, the theory of universal grammar holds that there are certain fundamental grammatical ideas which all humans possess, without having to learn them. Universal grammar acts as a way to explain how language acquisition works in humans, by showing the most basic rules that all languages have to follow.

The basic idea of universal grammar, that there are foundational rules in common among all humans, has been around since the 13th century. In the following centuries this idea led many philosophers to try to design a perfect language from the ground up, taking into account what they felt were the core principles of all languages.


The most famous theory of the idea of a universal grammar was put forth by the linguist Noam Chomsky in the 1950s. Chomsky held that there was a universal grammar hardwired into the brain of all humans, and that all human languages had evolved on top of that universal grammar, and that children learned their native languages using the universal grammar as a support structure.

One of the main impetuses for the development of a modern theory of universal grammar is the question of how early language learners know that certain phrases are ungrammatical. Children acquire language by listening to native speakers around them. But, by virtue of being proficient speakers, native speakers don’t go around saying everything that is ungrammatical and saying it’s wrong. This is often called the Poverty of Stimulus argument, and universal grammar attempts to explain it by saying that a number of these restrictions are part of a universal grammar.

Universal grammar does not attempt to lay out many blanket statements that hold true for every single language on Earth. If it did that, after all, we would expect most languages to be roughly the same. Instead, we find an incredible range of languages. Instead, what a universal grammar seeks to do is to lay out propositions of the form, “If X is true, then Y will be true.” These structures lay out how all languages develop when faced with certain basic principles. Using these structures, students of universal grammar can attempt to state what word order a language might choose, what phonemes will be present, and other foundational traits of the language.

Another argument commonly leveled against universal grammar is that the theory itself is not actually falsifiable. Although it claims to be able to predict what new languages will be like, the sample size is small enough that when new languages are discovered the rules laid out must sometimes adapt to fit the new data. This would seem to undermine its validity as a strong predictive theory, making it more a cohesive set of observations about what we already know to be true.

Talking about languages